Uranium/ special nuclear material :: essays research papers fc

SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIA L"Special nuclear material" (SNM) is defined by Title I of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as plutonium, uranium-233, or uranium enriched in the isotopes uranium-233 or uranium-235. In 1789, Uranium was discovered in the mineral called pitchbl dyinge, by a German chemist named Martin Klaproth. It was named after the major planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier. Uranium-233 and plutonium are formed in nuclear reactors because they do not occur naturally. It has to be taken from highly hot spent fuel by chemical separation. Uranium-233 can be produced in special reactors that use thorium as fuel. Only small quantities of uranium-233 have ever so been made in the United States. No U.S. moneymaking(prenominal) plutonium reprocessing plant is currently licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for operation. Uranium enriched in uranium-235 is created by an enrichment facility. The NRC regulates two gaseous diffusion enrichme nt plants operated by the U.S. Enrichment Corporation. The gaseous diffusion process is the current method used by the United States to enrich uranium. there are two gaseous diffusion plants in the United States. wholeness is located in Portsmouth, Ohio but was shut down in March 2001, and the other is in Paducah, Kentucky. This plant has produced enriched uranium continuously since November 1952. It is operated by the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) which was created as a government corporation under the Energy Act of 1992 and privatized by legislation in 1996 Natural uranium contains 99% U238 and only about 0.7% U235 by weight.Gaseous DiffusionThe uranium enriched in uranium-235 is required in commercial light water reactors to produce a controlled nuclear reaction. Gaseous diffusion is one way to enrich uranium. The gas separates by slowly flowing through with(predicate) small holes. (molecular effusion) In a vessel containing a mixture of two gases, molecules of the gas with lower molecular weight travel faster and strike the walls of the vessel more frequently. The walls of the vessel can be penetrated, so more of the lighter molecules flow through the barrier than the heavier molecules. The gas that escapes the vessel is enriched in the lighter isotope. One barrier isnt enough to do the job, though. It takes many hundreds of barriers, one after the other, before the UF6 gas contains enough uranium-235 to be used in reactors. At the end of the process, the enriched UF6 gas is withdrawn from the pipelines and condensed back into a liquid that is poured into containers.

Schizophrenia: Reality Distorted Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pape

Schizophrenia Reality Distorted Insanity, then, is inordinate or irregular, or impaired action of the mind, of the instincts, sentiments, intellectual, or perceptive powers, depending upon and produced by an organic change in the brain. ---W.A.F. Browne, MD, 18371Schizophrenia is considered a disease of the brain, a physical disorder that, thanks to modern technology, is able to be visualized. Schizophrenia, along with another(prenominal) diseases of the brain, such as Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and multiple sclerosis, are all brain diseases which alter both functionality and structure of the brain. Schizophrenia has been called a cruel disease, one that impairs life greatly in a degenerative fashion, altering emotions and various abilities greatly. This unfortunate disease is quite common, effecting about one to two percent of the Worlds population. About two to quatern percent of the population suffer from less severe yet still debilitating and disturbing schizophrenic-like symptoms . An estimated sixty five billion a dollars per year is dog-tired on this disorder in the United States.(2) It is estimated that over two million Americans suffer from schizophrenia in their lifetime.. There is a definite biological footing for this disease, although it is not totally understood. For a long time schizophrenia was a mystery to doctors and scientists. Virtually any patient with a psychological disorder employ to be placed under the expansive umbrella that defined the disease. Poor parenting was a misleading, early excuse for the troubles caused by what is now known to be considerably based in genetics. The most current idea of origin is that this disorder occurs during the crucial beginning months of life, those spent within the womb. Neither ... ... from it and their friends and family. Internet Sources1) a href=http//www.schizophrenia.com/ newssheet/buckets/intro.html 2) a href= http//www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 3) http//www.schizophrenia.com/a mi/diagnosis/nbd%20intro.html 4) http//www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 5) http//www.schizophrenia.com,/newsletter/1296/1296usnews.htm 6) http//www.nejm.org/content/1999/0340/0008/0645.asp 7) http//www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 8) Goodman&Gilmans compact disc read-only memory The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edition9) http//www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/buckets/hypo.html 10) http//www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 11) http//www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/buckets/intro.html 12) Goodman&Gilmans CD-Rom The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edition

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Importance of Money :: Great Gatsby Essays

Gatsbys Money Three works Cited Materialism started to become a main bailiwick of literature in the modernist era. During this time the economy was good causing jazz to be popular, bootlegging common, and an affair meaning nothing (Gevaert). This negative view of funds and the gross materialism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby serves to be a modern theme in the novel. Throughout the novel, the rich possess a moxie of carelessness and believe that money yields happiness. During the whole story, the rich select a sense of carelessness of money and material goods that are usually unobtainable by most. Prime examples of this carelessness are the huge parties that Gatsby throws everybody who is anybody would attend the party guests arrive at twilight . . . (Fitzgerald 111) and stay until daybreak, and sometimes they come and go without having met Gatsby at all, come for the party with a simplicity of smell that is its own ticket of admission (45). Gatsby puts enormous am ounts of money into these parties, even though he does not enjoy them one bit. He, however, continues to have them because he believes happiness weed be bought (101), that the glitz and glitter will ultimately bring Daisy to love him (Swilley). To Gatsby, he must continue to throw these parties. Gatsby is new money and he has to assign off his money and prove to the world that he is rich (Karen). In addition to his elaborate parties, he wears extravagant pink suits with gold ties and drives an eye-catching yellowish car. All this he does in order to gain Daisys attention (Gatsbylvr). In contrast, the opposite is true for Tom. Karen says that Tom is old money and, therefore, does not have to show the world that he has money. Tom does not need Gatsbys flashiness his house is arranged to his liking and he seems to be more customary -- Tom rides horses as opposed to driving a flashy car (Karen). The idea of money being able to bring happiness is another prevailing modernist theme f ound in The Great Gatsby. According to Sparknotes, Fitzgerald acts as the poster child for this idea. He, himself in his own life, believes this as well. He puts off marrying his wife until he has enough money to support her (SparkNotes). Fitzgeralds delay to marry his wife and Gatsbys quest to buy Daisys love are parallel (Gatsbylvr).